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Filesystem Layout

$WAS_HOME/bin
contains the WAS programs
$WAS_HOME/bin/wsinstance
contains config files and programs for creating alternative instances.

I give the paths of all remaining items relative to $USER_INSTALL_ROOT. In the event that you are running the default instance, just substitute $WAS_HOME for $USER_INSTALL_ROOT.

$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/logs/server1
Log files produced by running your WAS instance will go into this directory.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/logs/server1/SystemOut.log
Most errors end up here (not in the SystemErr.log file). Unfortunately, a trace of AdminConsole usage goes into this file too.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/logs
Log files produced by running utilities generally go to logs in this directory, but be aware that many files in this directory are binary.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/installedApps.
When you save applications to WAS, J2EE ears and components get written under here.

Applications under here are basically expanded .ear's, with component .war's (but not .jar's) also expanded. The deployment descriptors (including those within .jar's) reflect deployment-time settings and bindings. (The deployment descriptors also get written under $USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config. See below).

$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config/cells/plugin-cfg.xml
The production web server plugin config file.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config/cells/<CELL>
Deployment and config files specific to this cell. (Note that in a single-node setup, the cell is named after the node name).
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config/cells/<CELL>/nodes (and subdirs)
Deployment and config files pertaining to nodes.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config/cells/<CELL>/applications
Deployment and config files pertaining to deployed applications. Note that these are only configuration and deployment files under here. Class files and binaries other than .ear files are not stored here- go to installedApps for them.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config/cells/<CELL>/nodes/<NODE>_<INST>/servers/server1/server.xml
The main service configuration file.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/config/cells/<CELL>/virtualhosts.xml
Another service configuration file.
$USER_INSTALL_ROOT/wstemp
This is where files are tentatively deployed to. When you Save with wsadmin.sh or the Admin Console, your items are promoted from wstemp to the installedApps and config branches.